Anatomy Valvular and vascular stenoses (obstructive lesions) are congenital heart defects (CHDs) in which the only or predominant anatomical abnormality determining the hemodynamics (and consequently the […]

Anatomy Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a narrowing of the aortic isthmus, typically located distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery and proximal […]

Physiology of Fetal Circulation Although the cardiovascular system is described as a single system, both physiologically and anatomically, it can be divided into two circulatory systems: […]